Energy-hungry India is looking to one of its most rugged and scenic regions to generate badly needed electricity. But plans to create a series of dams and hydroelectric plants along the Teesta River in Sikkim and West Bengal are running into opposition over concerns the construction will destroy natural habitats and endanger already vanishing local cultures. Sikkim hydroelectric plant
Tradition remains the cornerstone of life in Sikkim.
Young Buddhist monks chant inside the Enchey Monastery overlooking Sikkim's capital of Gangtok.
Those ethereal sounds are part of the allure for tourists who make it to the remote Indian state surrounded by West Bengal, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet. Sikkim also is known for its pristine environment, and officials tout the state as India's premier eco-tourism destination.
But many Sikkimese believe their unique blend of cultures and fragile environment are in peril. Unregulated mining and deforestation have triggered an increasing number of landslides, damaging farmland and, at times, paralyzing transportation and communications.
Activists say the biggest threat comes from dozens of hydroelectric projects planned or under construction along the Teesta River.
Construction along Teesta riverThe river, originating in Sikkim and running south ultimately to Bangladesh, is ideal for generating electricity. It cascades down deep gorges, dropping 4,000 meters over its initial 80-kilometer course.
Experts project the mighty Teesta and other rivers in India's northeast could generate 60,000 megawatts of power - double the country's current hydroelectric output.
K. Ramanathan of The Energy and Resources Institute, says hydropower plants are more expensive to build than other plants. But he explains that long-term, hydroelectric plants are cheaper and cleaner than oil or coal plants.
K. Ramanathan Ramanathan says the key is getting the river states to welcome such massive dam projects.
"We are already providing 12 percent of free power (from such projects) for the home state to incentivize them to develop this energy and partly as a royalty and partly to take care of the local peoples' concerns," Ramanathan noted.
But many in Sikkim, which India forcibly annexed in 1975, feel there is more to lose than gain. They note dam construction elsewhere in India has displaced communities, destroyed natural habitats and fouled aquatic eco-systems.
Dam opponents worry that parts of the Kangchenjunga National Park and a biosphere reserve will be bulldozed to make way for a hydroelectric plant in northern Sikkim.
Ramanathan says the government must address people's concerns before construction begins.
Hydroelectric plant construction "They are all sitting on hydro-dollars like petro-dollars. So if you can develop it, it's a way of earning the revenue," he explained. "The only question is in doing so, how do you feel the pulse of the people? But the sensitivity issue of the local concerns has to be addressed in the very initial stage so that vested interests don't come at a later stage and create problems."
Sikkim's original inhabitants, the Lepchas, are particularly concerned about the projects. Although group of about 30,000 people has little history of political activism, some Lepchas feel compelled to take action.
Dawa Tshering Lepcha is one of several members of the group now on a hunger strike. He thinks the strike will lead to a mass movement to halt dam construction.
Dawa Tshering "We are getting really, really pushed to the corner now," he said. "We have nothing else to do. I have a feeling it will stop the project because it's like things will spread all over Sikkim. If all the project-affected people get together, then the government is going to have a big problem. And I think things are moving towards that direction."
Blasting and tunneling are reported to have damaged some of the group's homes. Lepcha says the tribe most fears it will be forced to leave an area to which it has a deep spiritual connection.
"We are Buddhists now, but we still do follow our own practice like nature worshipping," Lepcha noted. "We have our own priests and all that. So we worship these mountains, these rivers, these lakes, the trees. These projects are going to destroy whatever we worship."
Lepchas hunger strikers in GangtokThe state government in Sikkim has called on the Lepchas to end their hunger strike. The government says the Teesta project has all required environmental clearances and the full consent of the people, who will benefit from increased employment. The state says the government has the highest concern for the rights and interests of all the people of Sikkim.
Up the hill from where the hunger strikers sit, the monks at the Enchey Monastery punctuate their chanting with a crescendo said to help awaken disciples from the slumber of ignorance.
Many in Sikkim hope that government officials and residents will gain enlightenment and be able to balance India's energy demands with preservation of the environment and its inhabitants.
(VOA's Steve Herman reports from New Delhi)
